Various publications refer to lidar as "LIDAR", "LiDAR", "LIDaR", or "Lidar". The general public became aware of the accuracy and usefulness of lidar systems in 1971 during the Apollo 15 mission, when astronauts used a laser altimeter to map the surface of the moon.Īlthough the English language no longer treats "radar" as an acronym, (i.e., uncapitalized), the word "lidar" was capitalized as "LIDAR" or "LiDAR" in some publications beginning in the 1980s. Lidar's first applications were in meteorology, for which the National Center for Atmospheric Research used it to measure clouds and pollution. The name " photonic radar" is sometimes used to mean visible-spectrum range finding like lidar. Meanwhile, it is being used to study the moon by 'lidar' (light radar) ." The first mention of lidar as a stand-alone word in 1963 suggests it originated as a portmanteau of " light" and "radar": "Eventually the laser may provide an extremely sensitive detector of particular wavelengths from distant objects. The first practical terrestrial application of a colidar system was the "Colidar Mark II", a large rifle-like laser rangefinder produced in 1963 which had a range of 7 miles and an accuracy of 15 feet, to be used for military targeting. All laser rangefinders, laser altimeters and lidar units are derived from the early colidar systems. It was originally called "Colidar" an acronym for "coherent light detecting and ranging," derived from the term " radar", itself an acronym for "radio detection and ranging". Intended for satellite tracking, this system combined laser-focused imaging with the ability to calculate distances by measuring the time for a signal to return using appropriate sensors and data acquisition electronics. Under the direction of Malcolm Stitch, the Hughes Aircraft Company introduced the first lidar-like system in 1961, shortly after the invention of the laser. 4.17 Solar photovoltaic deployment optimization.4.3.1.3 Obstacle detection and road environment recognition using lidar.4.3.1.2 Fusion of 3-D lidar and color camera for multiple object detection and tracking.4.3.1.1 GRID based processing using 3-D lidar and fusion with radar measurement.4.3.1 Object detection for transportation systems.2.2.3 Photodetector and receiver electronics.2.2.1.2 Microelectromechanical machines.The technology is also used in control and navigation for some autonomous cars and for the helicopter Ingenuity on its record-setting flights over the terrain of Mars. Lidar is commonly used to make high-resolution maps, with applications in surveying, geodesy, geomatics, archaeology, geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology, forestry, atmospheric physics, laser guidance, airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM), and laser altimetry. Lidar sometimes is called 3-D laser scanning, a special combination of 3-D scanning and laser scanning. Lidar is an acronym of "light detection and ranging" or "laser imaging, detection, and ranging". It has terrestrial, airborne, and mobile applications. Lidar can also be used to make digital 3-D representations of areas on the earth's surface and ocean bottom, due to differences in laser return times, and by varying laser wavelengths. Lidar ( / ˈ l aɪ d ɑːr/, also LIDAR, or LiDAR sometimes LADAR) is a method for determining ranges (variable distance) by targeting an object with a laser and measuring the time for the reflected light to return to the receiver. Vegetation heights are depicted in shades of green, where dark greens are closest to the ground and light greens are the highest. For ground-level features, colors range from deep brown to tan. This visualization shows an airplane collecting a 50-kilometer swath of lidar data over the Brazilian rainforest.
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